KOMPETENSI PROFESIONAL: REFLECTION M1 LA4

Reflective Summary M1 LA4
Make a mind map to summarize the discussion of hortatory exposition text. If you like, you may use an uncompleted sample below but it is very much recommended that you develop your own.

KOMPETENSI PROFESIONAL: REFLECTION M1 LA3

Reflective Summary M1 LA3
Instructions

Please check what the correct pronunciation is. Use your pronouncing dictionary to check it or open :





English pronunciation of “argument”

argument (n)

​ argument (n) in British English : /ˈɑː(r)ɡjʊmənt/

Source: https://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/argument

argument (n) in American English : /ˈɑrɡjəmənt/

Source: https://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/american/argument





Based on the dictionary at www.macmillandictionary.com it can be concluded that in the video https://youtu.be/rFJItZqNyAE Video SMA: Bahasa Inggris-Analytical Exposition KD 3.5 The word “argument” is mispronounced.

KOMPETENSI PROFESIONAL: REFLECTION M1 LA2

REFLECTION/SUMMARY M 1 LA 2 : ANNOUNCEMENTS

In this activity, I have learned:

-          some announcements from varied context of situations

-          the social functions of announcements regarding to the context of situation, the target readers, and the points of interests or importance

-          the structure of each announcement including the general structure and detail descriptions

-          the lexico-grammatical features of announcement by determining the choice of words and expressions, the use of direct and indirect sentences, the tense, the fonts, the punctuations, etc.

-          how to construct announcement according to the context of situation, social function, text structure, and lexico-grammatical features.

The key features of announcement include:

-          Social Function

The social function of announcement is to share planned or organized activities

-           Generic Structure

The generic structures of announcement are heading/purposes and detail information.

-          Significant Lexico-grammatical Features

The significant lexico-grammatical features are common expressions in announcement, singular and plural nouns with or without articles a, the, this, those, my, their, etc., the pronunciation, intonation, spellings, and punctuation.

What I like most about this activity is to demonstrate the differences and similarities between a number of announcement from varied context of situation, in regard to the social functions, text structures, and lexico-grammatical features. 

What I need to improve/learn more is to produce announcements contextually with acceptable social functions, text structures, and lexico-grammatical features.

KOMPETENSI PROFESIONAL: REFLECTION M1 LA1

REFLECTION/SUMMARY M 1 LA 1: PERSONAL LETTER

In this activity, I have learned

• some personal letters from varied contexts situation 
• the social functions of some personal letters regarding to the context of situation, the target receiver, and the points of interests or importance 
• the structure of personal letters including the layout, the structure and the detail information 
• the grammatical features of personal letters by determining the choice of words and expressions, the use of tenses, the fonts, the punctuations, etc. 
• how to construct a personal letter and respond to the letters and emails according to their context of situation, text structure, and grammatical features. 

The key features of personal text include

• Social Function

The function of personal letter is to build and maintain interpersonal relation with family, relatives, and friends.

• Generic Structure

The generic structure of personal letter are opening, sharing current and past persona news, and responding the expected, unexpected, and personal news.

• Significant lexico-grammatical Features

The grammatical features focus on exchanging personal current news, feelings, and conditions. The personal letter use simple present and past tense. Personal letters have date and address. The personal letters also have informal greeting or salutations.

What I like most about the activity is when I observe the personal letters’ social function, structures, and lexico-grammatical features. I can compare social functions of personal letters
regarding to the context of situation, the target receiver, and the points of importance.

What I need to improve/learn more is to create or construct personal letters and emails that suit my needs as part to build and maintain personal relation to other people. 

KOMPETENSI PROFESIONAL: FINAL ASSIGNMENT M1

FINAL ASSIGNMENT M 1

1. Write a 150-word of personal letter to your friend about your last vacation during semester break.

2. Create a school announcement regarding the school charity for the needs.

3. Write an expository essay about students’ manner at school.

1.      Personal Letter 

Sarimatondang, August 24^th 2018

Dear Milia,

I am so happy when I read your last letter telling that your sister’s wedding party was going so well and great last July in Jakarta. And, I am so glad too that you really have a great vacation there with your family. Though you are so busy in taking care of your two little daughters, you always have ways to get quality time and enjoy holiday with family members.

I would like to tell you about my holiday, too during last semester break. It was not really a happy moment for me and our family. My husband and I had organized some plans for our holiday. We went to Sibolga on the first day of our holiday. After one day staying in Sibolga, my father called me in the morning telling bad news that we lost our uncle forever. He got heart attack and couldn’t helped by any medications. I was shocked and very upset in that time. My husband and I decided to go back to my hometown and helped our family prepared everything for funeral. Then, we spent the semester break with our family there.

That’s my story Milia, for the last semester break. Hopefully our life will always be blessed by God.

Kind regard,

Christina

2.      School Announcement 

ANNOUNCEMENT

To: All school members of SMP Negeri 1 Sidamanik

The Indonesian Red Cross is accepting donations for victims of the earthquake that hit Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) through “Lombok Kita Bantu”

Donations are collected through local banks. Below are a list of the local banks you can donate to:

-          Mandiri Bank – Account number: 070-00-0011601-7 on behalf of Palang Merah Indonesia

-          BCA Bank – Account number: 206 – 300 668-8 on behalf of Kantor Pusat PMI

-          BRI Bank – Account number: 0390-01-000030-30-3 on behalf of Palang Merah Indonesia

You can also donate food supplies, clothes, and entertainment items such as toys and books.

For further information regarding this donation, you can ask Mrs. Tina, your English teacher, or you can contact directly the Indonesian Red Cross’ Fundraising division at +6221-799-2325 Ext.2 or email: donasi@pmi.or.id

3.      Writing Expository Essay

Students’ Bad Manner: Truancy

            Students who learn at school require behaving themselves in accordance with the school rules and regulations. In reality, not all students can follow their school rules and regulations. Playing truant is one of the student’s disobedience at school. Truancy means missing the school when study hours are still going on for no good reason. It is also called unauthorized absence. There are some possible reasons why students play truancy.

First, low academic students find that learning in school is boring. Students who get poor results in exam are either lazy or not interested in studying. They like going shopping, playing games in play stations or wandering along the streets. They don’t spend time on revising what they have learned in lessons. They may not understand the concepts or theories thoroughly. Later, they may even forget the topics that teachers have taught in school. They soon will lose interest in learning as they don’t understand the concepts in lessons. They may find it boring to sit in the classroom. Thus, they want to run out of school to do the things they like, for example, playing online games in internet café during the school hours.

The second is trying to challenge the school authority. Nowadays, youngsters usually are rebellious. In order to achieve the sense of excitement, they will try to break the school rules. They know it clearly that if their misbehaviors are discovered by teachers or staff in school, they will receive severe punishment. They like to know if the school really gets a very good security. Playing truancy is just like playing a video game for them. The students, themselves, are the main characters. All the people in school, including schoolmates, teachers, principal and janitors are enemies. They will be caught if their mission is being discovered. They have to observe the surroundings carefully before going out from the main entrance. It is not an easy task. They feel excited as they successfully challenge the school rules without being discovered.

The third is lacking attention from both parents and teachers. Sometimes, we can not only blame students for their misbehaviors for not attending the school. Some parents are not really care about their children’s interest. This make the students tend to have bad behavior because they are pushed to do something that they are not interested in. Teachers also have responsibility for this misbehavior. Teachers who are less skilled in mastering the lessons and the class dynamics will have the chance of students skip the class without permission. Students are lazy to follow the class because they get bored and sleepy so they leave the class.

As that have mentioned before, all students who are registered at school must attend the school regularly. Students should follow the rules and be serious with their education that can lead you to have bright future. We may see in our surrounding, if everyone breaks the rules, everything will be in a mess. Parents and teachers also need to work collaboratively on a plan of track the student’s attendance. Teacher also should apply learning methods that meets the students’ characteristics in order to have an interesting teaching and learning process and avoid students to play truancy.

KOMPETENSI PROFESIONAL: ASSIGNMENT M1 LA4

Assignment M1 LA4

When your mind map is completed, use it to analyze any text of hortatory available in this module!

KOMPETENSI PROFESIONAL: ASSIGNMENT M1 LA3

Assignment M1 LA3

Read the text below carefully for your comprehension. Then analyze it to identify the thesis statement, the arguments, and the reiteration.

Our Complex Relationship with Technology

Julian Stodd

1.                   I woke this morning to an angrily vibrating phone, on fire with little red alerts. My first action on getting up used to be making a cup of tea but it’s now hijacked by technology. Our relationship with devices is complex: love or hate, or need and want. In the Social Age, its technology that brings us together, that provides access to communities and facilitates the discussions we have within them. It enables the formation of wide collections of loose social ties and the maintenance of increased numbers of strong and deep ones, whilst also providing access to knowledge. My first instinct in many situations is to reach for the phone: maps, directions, email and texts, tuning the guitar or sharing on Facebook, finding out how to change the oil in the car or book a festival for the summer. I have some personal views to express my ideas in response to the advancement of technology.

2.                   There are few aspects of life that technology doesn’t touch, but it’s easy to let the horse lead the cart. We are seeing technology transforming learning: systems provide infrastructure, media can be easily created to enhance learning, language itself is translated and transformed, we capture, share and journal with ease. The learning experience is more easily quantified, both for individuals and for organizations. But quantification doesn’t always equate to quality.

3.                   It’s all about balance and agility: our ability to learn, to innovate and be creative, to do things differently tomorrow from how we did them yesterday. It means that we should have as much say in things as the devices we buy and carry around with us. Whilst the features of technology may connect us ever more closely and ever more vocally, scheduling, chasing and reprimanding us ever more often, we need to ensure that underneath it all we are being effective. It should be our natural behaviors that are being enhanced by the technology, not the technology forcing us to adapt our behaviors.

4.                   We need to recognize that we now live in the Social Age of learning, where the by words are agility and engagement, where formal experiences are less valuable than applied ones, where traditional models of authority and expertise are subverted by more social methodologies that rely on communities and sharing. We are in a time of change: change to how organizations and individuals engage with each other, changes in our relationship with technology, changes to how we engage within communities to learn to co-create meaning.

5.                   Instead of depending upon lumbering formal technology, needing unwieldy servers and infrastructure, today’s artisan workers use tablets, phones and apps to achieve much the same thing. Instead of needing offices and pot plants, we need WiFi and coffee shops, Dropbox and Skype. However, it’s the social technology that fits into our lives rather than requiring us to adapt our lives to suit it. Social technology should give us access to our communities whilst we are on the move anytime, anywhere. Because social learning is anchored and grounded in reality making links back to formal learning, whilst formal learning is always trying to reach out to meet reality.

6.                   Social Technology has to be effortlessly social, or it’s not social at all. The reason is obvious that large organizations spend so much money on that field and they fail to meet the needs or expectations of users. They are built around the requirements of IT teams, compliance teams, learning teams, but not the people who actually count: the people who use them.

                  

(Adapted from:

http://www.lifewidemagazine.co.uk/uploads/1/0/8/4/10842717/magazine_10_jun e_2014.pdf).

Table of Identification

The title of the text  to identify: Our Complex Relationship with Technology
Thesis statement	I have some personal views to express my ideas in response to the advancement of technology in the Social Age.
Arguments	-          The quantification of technology doesn’t always equate to the quality of learning. -          It should be our natural behaviors that are being enhanced by the technology, not the technology forcing us to adapt our behaviors. -          We are in a time of change: change to how organizations and individuals engage with each other, changes in our relationship with technology, changes to how we engage within communities to learn to co-create meaning.           -          Social technology should give us access to our communities whilst we are on the move anytime, anywhere.
Reiteration	Social Technology has to be effortlessly social, or it's not social at all.

KOMPETENSI PROFESIONAL: ASSIGNMENT M1 LA2

Assignment M1 LA2

1. Creating school announcement

ANNOUNCEMENT

To: Students of SMP Negeri 1 Sidamanik

We celebrate teachers’ day in this year on November 26 since there’s no activity at school on Sunday. Our school holds cooking competition that every class should take part. The food that should be cooked is traditional food. You can ask your homeroom teacher if you have some questions about the competition. There will be prize for the class who wins the competition.

ü  1^st  winner will get Rp. 500.000

ü  2^nd winner will get Rp 300.000

ü  3^rd winner will het Rp 200.000

Please be creative and do your best!!!

Your dish will be served in the teacher’s office as you make you teachers feel really special on that day

OSIS Chairperson

Elizabeth

2.     Creating spoken announcement

On Thursday morning, I gave announcement to student in the school yard. I announced about the students’ creativity show next week with the theme/topic about the Asian Games that will be performed by Class 9-F.  The announcement was recorded and uploaded at the 2^nd submission of this assignment.

KOMPETENSI PROFESIONAL: ASSIGNMENT M1 LA1

ASSIGNMENT M1 LA1

Write an email to a friend of yours and ask him or her to reply. You can send and reply the letter into three cycles.

I wrote email to my friend who teaches English. Here are the emails.

Christina  Prasiwardani

prasiwardani@gmail.com

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How's your new working place 7 messages

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Christina Prasiwardani <prasiwardani@gmail.com>	Mon, Aug 20, 2018 at 4:57 PM
To: kristonny panjaitan <kristonnypanjaitans@gmail.com>
Sarimatondang, August 20, 2018 Dear Kristonny, It has been a while since we have finished attending  Diklat Bintalfisdis at Rindam 1 BB  and Pre-service Training at LPMP North Sumatera. We were very happy with our friends at that time because we could pass the test of civil servants' selection in Simalungun.  Now, we are working as English teacher at public school. I am teaching at SMP Negeri 1 Sidamanik. I worked at private school before. I feel that working at private school demands more discipline than working at public school. In this new working place, I have to adapt myself with the new environment and be responsible for my job.  The colleagues are friendly here. The students are enthusiastic learners, too though there are some students who are not eager to learn. I heard that you are teaching at Junior High School too. I hope you don't mind telling me about your new working place there.  Regards, Christina

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kristonny panjaitan <kristonnypanjaitans@gmail.com>	Mon, Aug 20, 2018 at 5:28 PM
To: Christina Prasiwardani <prasiwardani@gmail.com>
Tigarunggu, 20th August 2018 Hello Christina Thanks for sending me e-mail telling about your condition. Yes, of course the trainings in Rindam and in LMPM are memorable experiences. I won't forget that ever. I miss the time when we were having fun with friends and push ourselves so hard when there were assignments. Yes,  I am teaching in junior high school too, here in Tigarunggu, kecamatan Purba. I am happy working here, I found some new great friends. Mostly they are senior teachers who will face their retirement period soon. I am learning many things from them that they have a lot of experiences in teaching and have good approaches for diverse students. I am teaching in grade IX now, so I have to work hard to support the student for their coming national exam. The other best thing is that my school is located near forest, we get fresh air from the forest each day. That's all I can tell you for now. I will wait for another news from you Christina. Regards, Kristonny Panjaitan [Quoted text hidden]

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Christina Prasiwardani <prasiwardani@gmail.com>	Mon, Aug 20, 2018 at 7:16 PM
To: kristonny panjaitan <kristonnypanjaitans@gmail.com>
Sarimatondang, August 20, 2018 Dear Kristonny, I am glad to hear that you enjoy your new working place there. I believe that you are a great teacher for students especially your 9th grade students. Last semester, I taught 9th grade students too. It is challenging because we not only prepare the students for facing national examination but also prepare them to be accepted at higher school which has better management system. I hope that everything runs well especially the program that you have designed to help students pass their final examination and their entrance test to higher school.  In my school, I got some senior English teachers too. They have got their certification as professional teacher. Now, I am facing problem because my working hours are not sufficient if I want to get teacher's allowance. You told me that in your school, there are some teachers that are going to be retired. I hope you don't mind telling me if I have chance to apply my knowledge in that school.   I want to tell you that I am attending in-service teacher training. Now, we are having online learning for pedagogical and professional competence. It makes me so busy. We have to learn the modules, submit the assignments, and do the quizzes and so on. The hardest thing in doing this training is the way we manage our time for both doing online learning and doing our other duties at school. You’ve ever told me that you took pre-test PPG last May. I heard that the result has been announced. I hope that you can pass the test.  Regards, Christina [Quoted text hidden]

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kristonny panjaitan <kristonnypanjaitans@gmail.com>	Tue, Aug 21, 2018 at 12:25 PM
To: Christina Prasiwardani <prasiwardani@gmail.com>
Tigarunggu, 21st August 2018 Dear Christina, I am aware that as a teacher, our duty is to make sure our students be ready to face examination and to be able to use English as a tool of communication. I told you before about senior teachers who are waiting for their retirement period, actually there was an English teacher who was entering retirement last Year, but unfortunately she had already recommended a new teacher for replacing her position, even before she left school. Today, In English department, our school has 4 English teachers, 2 of us are Civil servants and the other two are honorary teachers. I will make sure that you will get the fastest information due to the need of English teacher in our school. I hope that there will be solution for dealing your working hour’s problem. I am happy to hear that you are in the in-service teacher training; it means that you are going to face a new level of degree if you pass this training and you will get the teacher’s certification. I hope you can manage your time well and do your best in both doing the training and doing the job as a teacher at school. I want to tell you good news, I told you that I took the PPG test last May, I saw the announcement last night, and thank God I pass the test. Thank you for your prayer also. From your explanation, I can predict that I will be busy soon to manage time between training and working. I need your support and guidance and please send information as much as possible so that I can be ready and well prepared for this training. Regards, Kristonny [Quoted text hidden]

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Christina Prasiwardani <prasiwardani@gmail.com>	Tue, Aug 21, 2018 at 4:09 PM
To: kristonny panjaitan <kristonnypanjaitans@gmail.com>
Sarimatondang, August 21st 2018 Dear Kristonny, I'd like to say many thanks because you've replied my previous emails. I know that you are busy in working, too. I thank you for your kindness. I am so happy to hear that you can pass the test. I congratulate you for your success in doing that test. It means that you have passed in academic selection for attending teacher's training. I hope that all about the needed administration files can be accomplished, too. This morning, Ibu Noprianna called me. She told me that she passed the test. I also saw from the announcement that some of our friends passed the test, too. I am so glad that we can face the test successfully. Hopefully we can keep in touch each other and share information about ways to be professional teacher. Please don't hesitate if you want to know more about the teacher's training. It would be my pleasure telling you my experiences in this ongoing training.  I'd like to tell you that we have to check the information about the teacher's training from sergur.id regularly. It is because the website provides latest information about teacher's certification. I hope that we can be professional teacher someday. Regards, Christina [Quoted text hidden]

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kristonny panjaitan <kristonnypanjaitans@gmail.com>	Tue, Aug 21, 2018 at 10:44 PM
To: Christina Prasiwardani <prasiwardani@gmail.com>
Tigarunggu, August 21st 2018 Dear Christina, I am so happy to know that bu Noprianna passed the test; it has a big possibility that I and she will enter the same class in this training. Can you mention the names of our friends who passed the test? I can't imagine that the class will be fun once again like it was in our previous training. To be reunited once again in training will be great. Thank you for sending me the web address that gives all information related to this teacher training. I visited the page this afternoon and it is written that we will have this training in 2019 but I am not sure whether I misunderstand the information, can you refer to the page and please search the information there? Whether our training will be started in 2019. Regards, Kristonny [Quoted text hidden]

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Christina Prasiwardani <prasiwardani@gmail.com>	Wed, Aug 22, 2018 at 3:14 AM
To: kristonny panjaitan <kristonnypanjaitans@gmail.com>
Sarimatondang, August 22nd 2018 Dear Kristonny, The way I know that some of our friends passed the test is by searching test number in SIM PKB application. Then I search the announcement in the website that I have sent to you. I found that Ibu Noprianna, Ibu Era, and  Ibu Lini passed the test. It's hard for me to find the data of Ibu Inggrid and Bpk Irfan in the application. Hopefully, all of us check the announcement and none of us miss the information.  I have same opinion with you that you are going to attend the teacher's training next year. I think that's not too bad because you have enough time to be well-prepared in everything. I'd like to tell you that the teacher's training institution/university will be decided by Kemenristekdikti. I have some friends that their institution is in Java and Sulawesi. Hopefully, you will get the institution in our province. The institution will divide the participants/students in some classes based on their major. Due to different majors that we have, you have the possibility to be in same class with Ibu Era since she is from English department. I hope the best for all of us. May God bless us. Regards, Christina [Quoted text hidden]

KOMPETENSI PROFESIONAL: LEARNING TASK M1 LA4 PART 1 & 2

Learning Task M1 LA4 Part 1 & 2: Identifying Hortatory Exposition Texts

Text 1

In all the discussion over the removal of lead from petrol there doesn’t seem to have been any mention of difference between driving in the city and the country.

While I realize my leaded petrol car is polluting the air wherever I drive, I feel that when you travel through the country, where you only see another car every five to ten minutes, the problem is not as severe as when traffic is concentrated on city roads.

Those who want to penalize older, leaded petrol vehicles and their owners don’t seem to appreciate that, in the country, there is no public transport to fall back upon and one’s own vehicle is the only way to get about.

I feel that country people, who often have to travel huge distances to the nearest town and who already spend a great deal of money on petrol, should be treated differently to the people who live in the city.

(Source: Gerot, L., & Wignell, P. (1994). Making Sense of Functional Grammar)

Text 2

The Impact of Tsunami

The Asian 2004 tsunami was probably the worst natural disaster in human memory because of the numbers of people affected. Many studies have been written about its impact on human life, communities and livelihoods. In this context, the fisheries sector has featured prominently as one of the areas most affected by the disaster. This study focuses on the issue whether or not fishery resources were affected by the tsunami, particularly in Indonesia and Sri Lanka, the two most impacted countries. The answer to this question is fundamental to promote necessary efforts to recover fishery livelihoods in the regions.

Data from the Aceh Province Fisheries Statistics Yearbooks (1995–2005 shows there was a general decrease then an increase in the overall number of boats from 1994 to 2004, but part of this was attributable to switching from many small boats to a smaller number of larger boats with inboard engines. Using only data on total number of boats, not the details of their capacity, the catch per boat increases from 4.4 tonnes/boat/year in 1994 to 8.4 tonnes/boat/year in 1998. Between 2002 and 2004 catch per boat decreased while the number of boats increased and production fluctuated. The number of vessels and the catch per vessel are almost mirror images and the best catches over the past decade tended to occur when the total number of boats was below 15 000.

Minimal provincial fisheries data are available for the period since the tsunami, but at Lampulo, Banda Aceh, it was possible to obtain some monthly data on catch, catch per boat, trips and number of boats between February 2004 and May 2006. These data show that catch per boat and total catch actually increased in 2005 and 2006 compared with 2004. This is considered to be related to the reduced number of boats and fishing trips after the disaster.

The quantity and productivity of marine fish resources in Sri Lanka is driven by the presence of a narrow continental shelf and the lack of significant areas of upwelling. Between 1977 and 1980, acoustic surveys of coastal waters were undertaken4 to estimate a potential yield of about 250_000 tonnes/ year. The yearly data give a good picture of how the fisheries were behaving over longer time frames before the tsunami. The monthly catch data show significant seasonal patterns that tend to repeat over the years and different responses to the tsunami which can be highlighted as follows:

• Monthly total catches in Batticaloa, Sri Lanka, quickly rebounded after February/March 2005 so that catches were back in the normal range for that time of year. At Ampara catches rebounded but not back to the monthly equivalent levels of 2004.
• For small pelagic species one district showed an increase in catches after the tsunami, two districts had lower catches a year after the tsunami, while four districts showed no difference in catches and a continuation of long-term trends within a few months of the tsunami.

The available evidence shows that overall, impacts of the tsunami on fisheries are more related to ongoing and new tsunami-related “human” factors, rather than the physical or biological effects of the disaster on resources and ecosystems. That is, existing overexploitation trends had already brought many of the fisheries under severe stress before the tsunami.

(Adapted from http://www.fao.org/3/a-ai000e.pdf

Can you identify the two texts above? Are they, both, hortatory exposition texts?

 I think the first text is a hortatory exposition text, but the second text is analytical exposition text

Task 2

Now read the text below and identify whether or not its generic structure is similar with that of the two previous texts. Write your notes of identification in a table available in the attachment.

·         Use of tobacco products is the nation's deadliest addiction. Smoking cigarettes is the leading cause of avoidable death in the United States. More than 400,000 people die prematurely each year from diseases attributable to tobacco use. The toll of deaths attributable to tobacco use is greater than the combined toll of deaths from AIDS, car accidents, alcohol, suicides, homicides, fires, and illegal drugs.

·         Smoking is the main cause of 87% of deaths from lung cancer, 30% of all cancer deaths, 82% of deaths from pulmonary disease, and 21% of deaths from chronic heart disease. Use of smokeless tobacco is a cause of oral cancer. In a study of women who did not smoke but did use snuff chronically, the risk for oral cancers was 50 times greater than for nonusers.

·         According to a recent estimate by the Office of Technology Assessment, each smoker who died in 1990 as a result of his or her smoking, on average, would have lived at least 15 additional years if a non-smoker. For the population at large, this premature mortality translates into 6 million years of potential life lost each year.

·         It is difficult, of course, to calculate a dollar value for the human costs of tobacco-related diseases. The suffering of patients and families resulting from tobacco-related morbidity and mortality is   unquantifiable. Lost productivity and health care expenditures can be quantified, but the magnitude of the estimates depends on a variety of theoretical health care and technical questions, including whether the costs of should be offset by the "savings" in social security expenditures and health care costs not incurred because people died prematurely.

·         The Office of Technology Assessment put the social cost of smoking in 1990 at $68 billion. This high-end estimate includes $20.8 billion in direct health costs, $6.9 billion in lost productivity attributable to smoking-related disability, and $40.3 billion in lost productivity attributable to smoking-related premature deaths. Whatever its total magnitude, the social cost of smoking is substantial. Even based on conservative assumptions, expected lifetime medical expenditures of the average smoker exceed those of the average non-smoker by 28% for men and 21% for women. Each year, decisions by more than I million youths to become regular smokers commit the health care system to $8.2 billion in extra medical expenditures over their lifetimes.

·         (6) The nation has a compelling interest in reducing the social burden of tobacco use. This can be accomplished by preventing people from starting to use tobacco and by getting users to quit. The premise of this report is that, in the long run, tobacco use can be most efficiently reduced through a youth-centred policy aimed at preventing children and adolescents from initiating tobacco use. Moreover, because the prevalence of tobacco use among youths has remained stubbornly constant for 10 years, and may even be rising, a youth-centred prevention policy must be aggressively implemented if tobacco-related morbidity and mortality are to be significantly reduced.

(Adapted from  https://www.nap.edu/read/4757/chapter/3)

Table Identifiation

No	Text Resource	Identification
1	Text 1	Purposes à To persuade the readers that there should be different treatment between the people who drive in the city and in the country in the decision of removing lead from petrol. Generic Structure Analysis -           Thesis : paragraph 1 (In all the discussion over the removal of lead from petrol there doesn’t seem to have been any mention of difference between driving in the city and the country) -          Arguments Argument 1: paragraph 2 (The pollution in the country roads is not as severe as when traffic is concentrated on city roads) Argument 2: paragraph 3 (In the country, owning vehicle is the only way to get out) -         Recommendation: paragraph 4 (the old car should be treated differently dealing with the region both in country and city) Language Feature Analysis -          Focusing on the writer: using the first personal pronoun “I” -          Using abstract noun: discussion -          Using action verb: treat -          Using thinking verb: think, seem,feel -          Using passive voice: should be treated differently -          Using simple present tense: there doesn’t seem…, there is no public transport…, etc
2	Text 2: The Impact of Tsunami	Purpose à to tell the readers whether or not fishery resources were affected by the tsunami in Indonesia and Sri Lanka Generic Structure Analysis -          Thesis: paragraph 1 (The answer to the question whether fishery resources were affected by the tsunami or not in Indonesia and Sri Lanka is fundamental to promote necessary efforts to recover fishery livelihoods in the regions) -          Arguments: paragraph 2-6 (catch per boat and total catch actually increased in 2005 and 2006 compared with 2004, catches were back in the normal range for 2005, two districts had lower catches a year after the tsunami, while four districts showed no difference in catches) -          Reiteration: paragraph 7 (The available evidence shows that overall, impacts of the tsunami on fisheries are more related to ongoing and new tsunami-related “human” factors, rather than the physical or biological effects of the disaster on resources and ecosystems) Language Feature Analysis -          Focusing on the non-human participants: using the data -          Using abstract noun: impact -          Using passive voice: is considered, be related, is driven -          Using simple present tense: the available evidence shows that overall, Monthly total catches in Batticaloa, Sri Lanka
3	Text 3: The Need for a Youth-Centered Tobacco Control	Purposeà To persuade the readers to pay attention for a youth-centered prevention policy that must be aggressively implemented. Generic Structure Analysis -          Thesis: paragraph 1 (Smoking cigarettes is the leading cause of avoidable death in the United States) -          Arguments Argument 1: paragraph 2 (Smoking is the main cause of lethal disease) Argument 2: paragraph 3 (each smoker who died in 1990 as a result of his or her smoking) Argument 3: paragraph 4 and 5 (many costs are wasted because of cigarettes) -          Recommendation: paragraph 6  (a youth-centred prevention policy must be aggressively implemented Language Feature Analysis -          Focusing the non-human participants: using smoking. -          Using passive voice: must be aggressively implemented -          Using simple present tense: The nation has a compelling interest…….,etc

Based on the identification of texts above, it can be concluded that Text 1 and Text 3 are hortatory exposition texts while Text 2 is considered as an analytical exposition text.

Task 3: Writing Hortatory Exposition Text

Embedding Soft Skills in the Teaching-Learning Process

There is an old proverb that says “Knowledge is Power”. This causes all teaching and learning process just only focus on the knowledge as hard skill that students need to obtain. It seems that knowledge as cognitive skill is everything in the classroom activities without concerning other non-cognitive skills that students’ need to have successful careers in their future. Now, in this 21st century life, soft skills should be embedded in the teaching and learning process for some reasons.

First, soft skills are critical for someone’s success. In 2013, a report from the Seattle Jobs Initiative in Perspectives from Employers and Community Colleges reported that soft skills were as important as or more important than technical skills in securing entry-level employment. In addition, at Google, hiring managers don’t care whether a candidate received perfect grades, served as president of the chess club, or even finished university. What they do care about and what a rapidly increasing number of organizations care about is soft skills. Students need to have soft skills that are necessary for success in the workplace of the 21st century namely team work, cooperation and collaboration, oral and written communication, problem solving and critical thinking, and professionalism/work ethic.

The second is soft skills cannot be replaced by the technology developments. Now in this era, people’s activity depends on the machines. Some people or companies also have used robots to do or to produce something. Some physical components and human brain or knowledge have been partially replaced but we have to know that there are some things that are not replaced by technology in human beings namely emotion, enthusiasm, empathy, ambition, etc. Students need to have self-control so they can utilize the technology devices wisely. 

The teacher plays an important role in determining the direction and purpose of learning. Having students in a group work is one of arena where soft skills can be easily integrated into the classroom. Teachers also can apply problem based learning and project based learning in the class so the students can have great opportunities to improve their soft skills while they are learning. Since the soft skills are crucial for students’ success, teachers should embed soft skills in the teaching and learning process to shape good characters that they can use in their working field in the future.