THE ORGANIZATION OF INFORMATION / KNOWLEDGE
IN HUMAN MEMORY
Paper for Final Assignment of Module 3
By
NAME
: CHRISTINA P. S
STUDENT REG.
NO : 18070415710061
PENDIDIKAN PROFESI GURU DALAM JABATAN
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MEDAN
2018
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The
Background of the Study
According to Bloom (1988) the definition of learning is a
relatively settled behavioral change as a result of experience. Practically and
associated learning is the process of obtaining information as a result of
experience. Information gained as a result of learning is called knowledge that
needs to be organized in the form of memory.
Memory is related to but distinct from
learning, which is the process by which we acquire knowledge of the world and
modify our subsequent behavior. For example, we learn a new language by
studying it, but we then speak it by using our memory to retrieve the words
that we have learned. Thus, memory depends on learning because it lets us store
and retrieve learned information. But learning also depends to some extent on
memory, in that the knowledge stored in our memory provides the framework to
which new knowledge is linked by association and inference.
The ability to create new memories, store them for periods of
time, and recall them when they are needed allows us to learn and interact with
the world around us. We can consider for a moment how many times a day we rely
on our memory to help us in remembering how to use our computer, to recollect
our password, to log-in to our online bank account, etc.
1.2 The
Problem of the Study
The problem formulation in this paper is: “How is information /
knowledge organized in human memory?”
1.3 The
Objective of the Study
The
purpose of writing this paper is as follows:
1. To
fulfill the final assignment of Modul 3 in Teacher in-Service Training
(Pendidikan Profesi Guru dalam Jabatan) in 2018
2. To know
how information/knowledge is organized in human memory
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
2.1 Information
Information is a set of data or facts that are organized or
processed in a way that has meaning for the recipient. Data that has been
processed into something useful for the recipient means that can provide
information or knowledge. Information can also be said as knowledge which is
gained from learning, experience, or instruction.
2.2 Memory
Memory refers to the processes that are used to acquire, store,
retain, and later retrieve information. There are three major processes
involved in memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval. In
order to form new memories, information must be changed into a usable form,
which occurs through the process known as encoding. Once
information has been successfully encoded, it must be stored in
memory for later use. Much of this stored memory lies outside of our awareness
most of the time, except when we actually need to use it. The retrieval process
allows us to bring stored memories into conscious awareness.
2.2.1 The Stage Model of
Memory
While several different models of memory
have been proposed, the stage model of memory is often used to explain the
basic structure and function of memory. Initially proposed in 1968 by Atkinson
and Shiffrin in Cherry: 2018, this theory outlines three separate stages of
memory: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
· Sensory
Memory
Sensory memory is the earliest stage of memory. During this
stage, sensory information from the environment is stored for a very brief
period of time, generally for no longer than a half-second for visual
information and 3 or 4 seconds for auditory information. We attend to only
certain aspects of this sensory memory, allowing some of this information to
pass into the next stage - short-term memory.
Short-term memory, also known as active memory, is the
information we are currently aware of or thinking about. In Freudian
psychology, this memory would be referred to as the conscious mind. Paying
attention to sensory memories generates the information in short-term memory.
Most of the information stored in active memory will be kept for approximately
20 to 30 seconds. While many of our short-term memories are quickly forgotten,
attending to this information allows it to continue to the next stage -
long-term memory.
Long-term memory refers to the continuing storage of information.
Long-term memory would be called the preconscious and unconscious. This information
is largely outside of our awareness but can be called into working memory
to be used when needed. Some of this information is fairly easy to recall,
while other memories are much more difficult to access.
2.3 The Organization of Memory
2.3.1 Clustering
Cherry: 2018 states that the specific way
information is organized in long-term memory is not well understood, but
researchers do know that these memories are arranged in groups. Clustering
involves organizing information in memory into related groups. Memories are
naturally clustered into related groupings during recall from long-term memory. So it
makes sense that when we are trying to memorize information, putting similar
items into the same category can help make recall easier.
For example, imagine that we are trying to
memorize a long grocery list. One way of making the information more manageable
would be to cluster items into related groups. For example, we might make
separate clusters for vegetables, fruits, grains, meats and dairy items.
Another example of clustering such as by reading the following list of
words: grapes, table, bus, apple, chair, airplane, desk, banana, sofa,
car, train, plum, lamp, motorcycle, strawberry, dresser, bicycle,
peach. Chances are that we automatically grouped these items into
three clusters: fruits, furniture, and modes of transportation. By
reorganizing the information and connecting each item to related items, you
would be much more likely to remember more.
2.3.2
Semantic Network Model
In Shristi.D: 2018, the model of semantic
memory was postulated by Allan Collins and Ross Quillian. They suggested that
items stored in semantic memory are connected by links in a huge network. All
human knowledge, knowledge of objects, events, persons, concepts, etc. are
organized into a hierarchy arranged into two sets. The two sets are
superordinate and subordinate sets with their properties or attributes stored.
For
example, a property that characterizes all types of fish (the fact that they
have gills and can swim) is stored only at the level of fish. It should be
noted that gills and other such features are not stored again with the
different types of fish (salmon, shark, etc.) even though they have gills.
Similarly, a bird which is the superordinate of canary is an animal. Specific
properties are stored only at appropriate levels in the hierarchy.
Collins
and Quillian’s Model: a portion of hierarchically organized memory structure shared
by Shristi D. http://www.psychologydiscussion.net/memory/models/top-3-models-of-semantic-memory-models-memory-psychology/3095
A semantic network is a knowledge base that
represents semantic relations between concepts in a network. This is often used
as a form of knowledge representation. This model suggests that certain
triggers activate associated memories. A memory of a specific place also might
activate memories about related things that have occurred in that location. For
example, thinking about a particular campus building might trigger memories of
attending classes, studying, and socializing with peers.
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
The ability to create new memories in the
process of learning, to store them for periods of time, and to recall them when
they are needed allows us to make decisions, solve problems, learn and interact
with the world around us. There are three separate stages of human memory
namely sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Using
clustering and semantic network model can be ways to organize knowledge /
information in human memory. Clustering is
used to organize related information into groups. Information that is
categorized becomes easier to remember and recall. A semantic network model is
a knowledge base that represents semantic relations between concepts in a
network. This model suggests that certain triggers activate associated memories.
REFERENCES
Bloom
F.E. 1988. Brain, Mind and Behaviour. 2nd ed. New York : W.H. Freeman.
Cherry
K. 2018. What is Memory? Retrieved July 29th 2018 from https://www.verywellmind.com/what-
is-memory-2795006
Shristi
D. 2018. Top 3 Models of Semantic Memory. Retrieved on July 30th, 2018 from http://www.psychologydiscussion.net/memory/models/top-3-models-of-semantic-memory-models-memory-psychology/3095
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